サクラメント歴史年表

［編集中...要約、タイムライン、用語集を追加］

Historical Timeline of Sacramento

オールド・サクラメントとチャイナタウン・モールをつなぐ、フリーウェイ下の通路にサクラメントの歴史をつづるタイムラインが掲示されている。

じっくりとその場で読みたいところだが、人通りもまばらで、薄暗い場所であるため、急いで写真を撮って、他の場所に移動した。

こうした歴史ものは、どこも先住民からはじまる。

［要約］

サクラメントの歴史的背景

サクラメントは、先住民のニセナン族が数千年にわたり居住していた地域であり、ヨーロッパ人の到来以前から豊かな文化を持っていた。

サクラメントバレーには約150,000人の先住民が住んでいた。
ニセナン族は、かご作りに秀でていて、儀式用の衣服も制作していた。
農業管理が行われ、食用のオークの木を育てるために草地を定期的に焼いていた。

初期の探検家と入植者

19世紀前半、サクラメントには多くの国の探検家が訪れ、入植が進んだ。

ガブリエル・モラガがサクラメント川を名付けた。
1827年、ジェデイア・スミスが初めてアメリカの罠猟者としてサクラメント地域に入った。
ヨーロッパの罠猟者によるマラリアの持ち込みが、ニセナン族に深刻な影響を与え、人口の約60%が死亡した。

サターの到着とサクラメントの発展

1839年、ジョン・サターがメキシコの土地の寄付を受け、サクラメントバレーに入植した。

サターは他国の侵入を防ぐために、メキシコ政府によってサクラメントに入植を奨励された可能性がある。
1849年、サクラメント市が設立され、初期の商業と政府が形成された。

ゴールドラッシュの始まり

1848年、ジェームズ・マーシャルが金を発見し、ゴールドラッシュが始まった。

サターはモルモン教徒のグループを雇い、アメリカン川の畔に製材所を建設した。
マーシャルが見つけた金の塊は、カリフォルニアの未来を変えるきっかけとなった。

サクラメントの戦略的な位置

サクラメントは金の採掘地への物資の輸送の中心地となった。

サクラメント川の岸で、すべての物資が馬車や人力で金鉱地に運ばれた。
商人たちは、採掘用具や娯楽を提供し、急速に金が流通した。

初期の市民と社会問題

サクラメントの初期の市民は、商業と法律の基盤を築いた。

ハーディン・ビゲロウが市長として、土地の権利を巡る対立を解決しようとした。
社会問題として、洪水や火災、病気が市の発展を脅かした。

サクラメントの多文化的なゴールドラッシュ

1849年までに、世界中から金を求める人々がサクラメントに集まった。

中国、オーストラリア、メキシコなどからの移民が急増した。
一部の奴隷は金鉱で得た富で自由を買った。

自然災害と市の復興

サクラメントは洪水や火災、病気に直面しながらも復興を続けた。

1862年の洪水後、市は中心部を15フィート高くする大規模な工事を行った。
1850年のコレラ流行で600人が死亡した。

サクラメントのビッグフォーと鉄道

サクラメントの商人たちが鉄道建設を推進し、経済を発展させた。

ビッグフォー（チャールズ・クロッカー、マーク・ホプキンス、コリス・P・ハンティントン、レランド・スタンフォード）が重要な役割を果たした。
彼らはアメリカ大陸横断鉄道の西半分の建設権を獲得した。

教育と社会改革の進展

サクラメントでは教育と社会改革が進み、女性の権利運動も活発化した。

サラ・ジョーンズが初の統合公立学校の校長となった。
1911年、カリフォルニアで女性が初めて投票登録できるようになった。

経済の変化と社会問題

19世紀末には、富の集中と社会問題が顕在化した。

労働運動やアルコール禁止運動が盛んになった。
多くの裕福な商人が慈善活動に取り組んだ。

第二次世界大戦とその影響

サクラメントは第二次世界大戦中に重要な軍事基地となった。

マザー・フィールドが設立され、軍事訓練が行われた。
戦後、サクラメントは交通の中心地としての役割を強化した。

第二次世界大戦とアメリカの労働力

アメリカが第二次世界大戦に参戦したことで、国全体が戦争努力に貢献することが求められた。

アメリカの産業は軍需品の生産にシフトした。
男性が軍に徴兵される中、女性が労働力として重要な役割を果たした。
サクラメントバレーは連合国に食料と装備を供給する重要な地域となった。
1942年1月にはマクレラン基地の労働者の11.4%が女性で、同年11月には40%に増加した。

戦時中の女性の労働力の影響

サクラメント地域の缶詰工場での女性の労働力の影響が顕著に表れた。

女性は缶詰工場での経験を活かし、航空機整備士としても活躍した。
戦時中、女性の労働力が増加し、工場の生産性が向上した。

サクラメントの再開発と都市の衰退

1950年代のサクラメントは都市の衰退と再開発の必要性に直面した。

サクラメントの西端地区は犯罪や病気が蔓延していた。
連邦政府の都市再生プログラムを利用して、オールドサクラメント歴史地区のマスタープランが策定された。
1962年にオールドサクラメント歴史地区が連邦政府に承認された初の歴史的都市再生プロジェクトとなった。

歴史的保存活動の推進

1950年代には歴史的保存活動が活発化し、サクラメントの遺産が守られた。

エレノア・マクラスキーやV・オーブリー・ニーハムなどのビジョナリーが歴史的保存の重要性を訴えた。
フランク・ファットは自らの資金を投じて建物の修復やレストランの運営を行った。
地域の遺産保存の先駆者たちが協力し、サクラメントの歴史的要素を守るための努力を続けた。

［年表］

サクラメントの歴史タイムライン

1840年以前

先住民の時代: サクラメント・バレーには、先住民ニセナンが約1万年間居住。農業管理や籠作り、儀式用衣服の制作に優れていた。

1800年代初頭

初期の探検家: スペイン人、アメリカ人、イギリス人、フランス人、ドイツ人、ロシア人などがサクラメント・バレーを探検。
1827年: ジェデダイア・スミスが初めてサクラメント地域に入る。

1830年代

1839年: ジョン・サターがメキシコ政府から土地を譲り受け、サクラメント・バレーに定住。

1840年代

1848年1月24日: ジェームズ・マーシャルがアメリカン川で金を発見し、ゴールドラッシュが始まる。
1849年: サクラメント市の設立。市議会が設立される。

1850年代

1850年: サクラメント市の初代市長ハーディン・ビゲローが土地問題でスクワッターと衝突。
1854年: サクラメントがカリフォルニア州の州都に選ばれる。
1857年: カトリックの慈悲の姉妹団がサクラメントに到着し、初のカトリック学校を設立。

1860年代

1862年: 大洪水により市の中心部を15フィート持ち上げる大規模な工事が行われる。
1869年: 大陸横断鉄道の西側部分が完成。

1890年代

1893年: 株式市場のパニックにより労働者が失業、1894年には全国的な鉄道ストライキが発生。

1900年代

1911年: カリフォルニア州で女性の選挙権が認められる。
1922年: ウィリアム・ランドの寄付によりランドパークが設立。

1930年代

1930年代: 大恐慌の影響でサクラメントにホームレスが増加。

1940年代

第二次世界大戦: サクラメントの産業が戦争準備に集中。女性が労働力として活躍。

1950年代

1958年: サクラメントの中心部が衰退し、都市再開発が始まる。
1962年: オールドサクラメント歴史地区が国家歴史的ランドマークに指定。

1960年代以降

1960年代: ベトナム戦争、月面着陸。
1970年代: サクラメントの歴史的ウォーターフロント地区の再開発が進む。
1980年代: ベルリンの壁崩壊。

［人物］

サクラメントの歴史に関連する人物リストと説明

1. ジョン・サター (John Sutter, 1803-1880)

メキシコ政府から土地を譲り受け、サクラメント・バレーに定住した土地所有者。ゴールドラッシュのきっかけを作った人物。

2. ジェームズ・マーシャル (James Marshall, 1810-1885)

サターの監督下で働いていた大工。1848年にアメリカン川で金を発見し、ゴールドラッシュを引き起こした。

3. ジョン・サター・ジュニア (John Sutter Jr., 1826-1897)

サクラメント市の創設者。父ジョン・サターの土地に都市を設計し、区画を販売した。

4. サム・ブランナン (Sam Brannan, 1819-1889)

商人であり、カリフォルニア初の億万長者。鉱夫用品の販売、不動産投資、新聞発行で成功を収めた。

5. ピーター・バーネット (Peter Burnett, 1808-1895)

サクラメントの土地販売を支援し、カリフォルニア州初代知事となった。

6. S.クリントン・ヘイスティングス (S. Clinton Hastings, 1814-1893)

サクラメントの初代最高裁判所判事。州の法制度の形成に貢献。

7. E.B.クロッカー (E.B. Crocker, 1818-1875)

カリフォルニア州最高裁判所判事であり、奴隷解放運動を支持。クロッカー美術館を設立。

8. チャールズ・クロッカー (Charles Crocker, 1822-1888)

「ビッグフォー」の一人で、硬貨、日用品、食料品を専門とする商人。大陸横断鉄道の建設に貢献。

9. マーク・ホプキンス (Mark Hopkins, 1813-1878)

「ビッグフォー」の一人で、鉄道建設に関与した商人。

10. コリス・P・ハンティントン (C.P. Huntington, 1821-1900)

「ビッグフォー」の一人で、鉄道建設に尽力。ハンティントン図書館と美術館を設立。

11. リーランド・スタンフォード (Leland Stanford, 1824-1893)

「ビッグフォー」の一人で、カリフォルニア州知事およびアメリカ合衆国上院議員を務めた。スタンフォード大学を設立。

12. マーガレット・クロッカー (Margaret Crocker, 1822-1901)

フィランソロピスト。女性のための家を建設し、クロッカー美術館をサクラメント市に寄付。

13. ジェーン・スタンフォード (Jane Stanford, 1828-1905)

フィランソロピスト。スタンフォード大学を設立し、地元の教会や慈善活動に貢献。

14. ウィリアム・ランド (William Land, 1837-1911)

サクラメントの商人でホテル経営者。市長を務め、ランドパークの設立に貢献。

15. サラ・ジョーンズ (Sara Jones, 1847-1925)

アフリカ系アメリカ人の教育者。サクラメント初の統合公立学校の校長を務めた。

16. メアリー・塚本 (Mary Tsukamoto, 1915-1998)

日本人初の公立学校教師。公民権運動や歴史教育に尽力。

17. ヒラム・ジョンソン (Hiram Johnson, 1866-1945)

改革者であり、カリフォルニア州知事およびアメリカ合衆国上院議員。鉄道会社の独占を抑制するために尽力。

18. エルネスト・ガラルザ (Ernesto Galarza, 1905-1984)

メキシコ出身の教育者、活動家、作家。農業労働者の労働条件改善や市民権擁護に尽力。

19. フランク・ダーキー (Frank Durkee, 1892-1983)

サクラメントの歴史的保存地区の設立に尽力した保存活動家。

20. エレノア・マクラッチー (Eleanor McClatchy, 1895-1980)

サクラメント・ビーの出版者。歴史保存活動に貢献。

21. フランク・ファット (Frank Fat, 1904-1997)

レストラン起業家。オールドサクラメント歴史地区の建物を修復し、地域活性化に貢献。

［用語］

サクラメントの歴史に関連する固有名詞リストと説明

1. ニセナン (Nisenan)

サクラメント・バレーに1万年以上住んでいた先住民族。籠作りや儀式用衣服の制作に優れ、農業管理を行っていた。

2. アメリカン川 (American River)

サクラメント・バレーを流れる川。1848年にジェームズ・マーシャルが金を発見した場所。

3. ゴールドラッシュ (Gold Rush)

1848年に始まった金鉱発見による移民の急増。サクラメントの急速な発展を促進。

4. サクラメント市議会 (Sacramento City Council)

1849年に設立されたサクラメント市の行政機関。

5. クロッカー美術館 (Crocker Art Museum)

E.B.クロッカーとマーガレット・クロッカーによって設立された美術館。サクラメントの文化的ランドマーク。

6. ビッグフォー (Big Four)

サクラメントの成功した商人4人（チャールズ・クロッカー、マーク・ホプキンス、コリス・P・ハンティントン、リーランド・スタンフォード）のグループ。大陸横断鉄道の建設に尽力。

7. 大陸横断鉄道 (Transcontinental Railroad)

アメリカを東西に結ぶ鉄道。サクラメントが西側部分の建設拠点となった。

8. ランドパーク (William Land Park)

ウィリアム・ランドの寄付により1922年に設立されたサクラメントの公園。

9. オールドサクラメント歴史地区 (Old Sacramento Historic District)

サクラメントの歴史的保存地区。1962年に国家歴史的ランドマークに指定。

10. サクラメント・バレー鉄道 (Sacramento Valley Railroad)

サクラメントからフォルサムまでの22マイルを結ぶ鉄道。大陸横断鉄道の基盤となった。

11. ポニー・エクスプレス (Pony Express)

サクラメントを終点とする短期間運行された郵便サービス。

12. サクラメント・ノーザン鉄道 (Sacramento Northern Railroad)

サンフランシスコ湾エリアからサクラメントを経由してチコまで運行していた、当時最長の都市間鉄道。

13. マクレラン基地 (McClellan Field)

第二次世界大戦中に航空機の整備を行った基地。女性労働者が活躍した。

14. タワーブリッジ (Tower Bridge)

サクラメント川を渡る橋。第二次世界大戦中には警備が行われた。

15. オールドサクラメント歴史地区再開発計画 (Old Sacramento Historic District Redevelopment Plan)

1950年代の都市再開発の一環として、歴史的保存地区を設立する計画。

16. サクラメント・ビー (Sacramento Bee)

サクラメントの主要な新聞。エレノア・マクラッチーが出版者として歴史保存活動に貢献。

17. フリーウェイシステム (Freeway System)

サクラメントの都市交通を支える高速道路網。インターステート5号線やハイウェイ50号線が含まれる。

18. サクラメント川 (Sacramento River)

サクラメント市を流れる主要な川。ゴールドラッシュ時代には物資の輸送拠点として重要な役割を果たした。

19. フォルサム発電所 (Folsom Power House)

1895年にサクラメントに電力を供給した水力発電所。アメリカ初の長距離送電を実現。

20. ホーヴァービル (Hoovervilles)

1930年代の大恐慌時にサクラメント地域に形成されたホームレスの仮設住宅地。

［資料］

以下は、上記のまとめを作成した元のデータで、オールド・サクラメント地区と町の中心を結ぶ地下通路の壁に展示された「タイムライン」を撮影したものです。

時間をみて、一つ一つ訳文をつける予定ですが、後回しになりそうです。

［1840］

First Settlers lived and worked in the Sacramento Valley for thousands of years before Europeans arrived.

　Nisenan

　John Sutter 1803-1880 Land Baron

　James Marshall 1810-1885 Carpenter and Discoverer of Gold

Early Native Americans

California’s Central Valley had one of the most concentrated assemblies of Native Americans in North America. Approximately 150,000 natives were grouped by language rather than political boundaries. In Sacramento, the local natives were called Nisenan and were considered some of the world’s best basket makers. They also produced elaborate ceremonial clothing including garments made from colorful feathers. Wild game and fish were abundant, but the Nisenan also practiced early agricultural management: they periodically burned the Sacramento Valley grasslands to reduce undesirable plants and encourage food-producing oak trees. The Nisenan and early native groups have occupied the Sacramento Valley for ten thousand years.

先住民

カリフォルニアのセントラルバレーには、...

Early Explorers

Even though California and the Sacramento Valley were remote to the rest of the world, the area was a focus of exploration in the first half of the 19th century by the Spanish, Americans, British, French, Germans, Russians, and many others. Gabriel Moraga, leaving the San Francisco Bay, rounded Mt. Diablo to become the first European to view the Sacramento Valley and name the Sacramento River. In 1827, Jedediah Smith was the first American trapper to enter the Sacramento area in search of beaver. He crossed a river near what is now California State University, Sacramento, and camped at the crossing. Afterward, the river was called the American River. In the 1830s, the Hudson’s Bay Company of England tried to discourage other trappers by capturing and destroying as many beavers as possible along the length of the Central Valley, leading to an unintentional tragedy: European trappers introduced malaria to Native Americans in the Valley. The Nisenan had no immunity, and 90,000 people – approximately 60 percent of their population – died from the disease.

初期の探検家

カリフォルニアとサクラメント・バレーは辺鄙な場所にあったものの、...

The Arrival of Sutter

By the late 1830s, so many different nations had explored and settled in California that the Mexican government feared it would lose region. The British and French had arrived both by land, from Canada, and by sea; the Russians had settled along the north coast almost to San Francisco; and New England vessels, plying the coast, had dominated the full scope of California commerce. In 1839, John A. Sutter arrived and requested a Mexican land grant. In fact, the Mexican government may actually have encouraged Sutter to settle in the Sacramento Valley as a buffer to other incursions.

サターの到着

1830年代後半までに、...

［1840 to 1850 - Population 6,820］

War with Mexico • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • The Gold Rush • California Statehood

Pioneers arrived in the area in search of land and wealth far from the confines of their homes throughout the world.

City Founders organized and shaped Sacramento’s first businesses and government.

　John Sutter, Jr. 1826-1897 City Founder

　S. Clinton Hastings 1814-1893 First Supreme Court Justice

　Sam Brannan 1819-1889 Merchant

　Peter Burnett 1808-1895 Miller and Governor

The Gold Rush Begins

Sutter employed a group of Mormons, under the supervision of James Marshall, to build a lumber mill on the American River at Coloma. The men worked on building a tailrace which would guide water from the mill back to the river. By day the men loosened the ground, and by night the river ran through the tailrace, carrying off the debris from the day’s work. On the morning of January 24, 1848, Marshall inspected the prior night’s activity by the river. Seeing a glimmer, he bent over and picked up the future of California in his hand. While Marshall had found a gold nugget only the size of a pea, news of this find and of other gold discoveries fueled the Gold Rush of 1849.

ゴールド・ラッシュ始まる

サターは、ジェームズ・マーシャルの監督下、モルモン教徒のグループを雇用して、...

The Birth of the City

The first attempts to establish a government for the City of Sacramento in 1849 resulted in many meetings being called, but few were attended. Some of the earliest meetings were attended by those who represented saloon and gambling interests. The fear that these interests could end up controlling the new City may have inspired local merchants to establish a government dominated by their own members. By August 1, 1849, a City Council was established to run the new City.

Sacramento’s Strategic Location

As the rush for gold continued, it became apparent that Sutter’s landing on the Sacramento River was the natural head of navigation for the sailing ships and river boats arriving from San Francisco and around the world. On the shore of the Sacramento River, all goods were transferred to wagons, pack trains, and men’s backs for the trip to the Gold Fields. Money and gold changed hands at a frenetic pace, with merchants selling mining supplies, entertainment, the chance to gamble and drink, sleeping accommodations, and meals. It was in these bustling circumstances that Sacramento City was born.

［1850 to 1860 – Population 13,785］

Sacramento Valley Railroad

The Infant City

The birth of Sacramento City was in the hands of John Sutter, Jr. who, in late 1848, hired a surveyor to map out a city on his father’s land. After the city limits were established, he began to sell city lots. Sutter’s principal land agent was Peter Burnett, who assisted Sutter with the land sales and later became California’s first governor. Other city founders included early merchants and professional men. Sam Brannan started his rise to the position of California’s first millionaire by selling miners’ supplies, speculating in real estate, and publishing newspapers. S.C. Hastings, as a lawyer and judge, helped shape the rule of law for Sacramento and the entire state. John F. Morse, a medical doctor, was editor of the Sacramento Union and author of the first printed history of Sacramento.

The Squatters Settle In

Hardin Bigelow was a deeply-involved founder and pioneer of the new City. A contractor, he helped build Sacramento and its early levees. In October 1850, while serving as mayor, he ordered squatters on city lots to vacate the properties. The squatters were protesting land ownership, claiming that land deeded to certain individuals was actually public land. They numbered about forty men, and after public speeches had not swayed City Council to their cause, they armed themselves and made a physical stand. A violent confrontation followed at about J and Fourth Streets, where Bigelow was shot four times. Bigelow defied predictions and slowly recovered from what were believed to be mortal wounds – only to succumb to cholera in December, 1850.

Here Come the Judges

During the early years of statehood, Sacramento became not only the State Capital, but also the seat of the State Supreme Court. The B.F. Hastings Building at 2nd and J Streets first served as the State’s highest court. The Gold Rush attracted a large population of young, exuberant, and colorful lawyers. No longer confined by the pressures of hometown opinions, the attorneys in California had the courage to look at many issues in a fresh way. Some, such as Judge Stephen Fields, went on to distinguished careers with the U.S. Supreme Court. Others, like Judge David S. Terry, displayed their colorful personalities and temperaments with brazen actions. Terry, who presided in his courtroom with a pistol and a large knife on his bench, dueled with and killed U.S. Senator David Broderick. Several of Sacramento’s judges, however, focused on improving the community through philanthropy and culture. One such judge was E.B. Crocker, and ardent abolitionist who defended many former slaves in California and who built what is now Sacramento’s Crocker Art Museum.

A Multicultural Gold Rush

News of the 1848 gold discoveries in California traveled around the globe, stirring up thousands of dreams of instant wealth. A slow trickle at first, by 1849 gold seekers rushed in from China, Australia, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Chili, Brazil, Canada, Russia, throughout Europe, and from every state in the United States. From the South, some slaves escaped to California, while others purchased their freedom with riches found in the Gold Fields.

Battling the Elements

Floods, fires, and disease tested Sacramento’s resolve to survive. Floods were nearly an annual event and sometimes occurred several times in a winter season. City residents responded by building increasingly larger levees. Meanwhile, two fires in the 1850s almost burned the City to the ground. After one fire, citizens quickly rebuilt the City, constructing 700 buildings in only 30 days. The City then greatly reduced its vulnerability to fire by including a waterworks plant inside its first City Hall, which was the first municipal water system in the state. The City Council set codes that banned the construction of substantially wooden buildings. Disease also exacted a heavy toll on Sacramento, with a cholera epidemic sweeping the region in 1850 and claiming 600 lives.

Raising the City

Floods, like fires, required extraordinary solutions. The City of Sacramento had been building levees with limited success since 1849. After a devastating flood in 1862, the community mobilized a massive effort to raise the central City as much as 15 feet above its previous grade. The action took enormous physical and economic resources, leaving the City without sufficient finances to pay its obligations. At its worst, a city lot selected for a new city hall had to be sold by sheriff’s sale to satisfy creditors. Part of the financial burden was placed on the City’s land owners. After the City built brick retaining walls and then filled in the streets to a new level, many buildings’ first floors instantly became basements. Merchants were left with the problem of building new sidewalks at the higher street level and faced the expensive dilemma of whether to raise their buildings or not. Many of the buildings were not raised, leaving an older ground floor as a basement. Remnants of those old facades still exist on a few buildings today.

California's Big Four

Four of the most successful merchants in Sacramento specialized in hardware, dry goods, and groceries. Later known as the “Big Four,” Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins, Collis P. Huntington, and Leland Stanford banded together to convince the United States government of the need for a transcontinental railroad. The four men then secured the right to build the western half of that railroad. Stanford, partly to push the Big Four’s interests, ran for and was elected governor of California and later became a U.S. Senator. Professional help to plan the railroad was found in Theodore Judah, who had already built a twenty-two mile railroad in California that ran from Sacramento to Folsom. These men and their enterprises created the only 19th century force to rival the discovery of gold in shaping the destiny of California.

Transportation Gathers Steam

The Sisters of Mercy

Curing the sick and injured was the primary mission of the Catholic Sisters of Mercy Order when they arrived in Sacramento in 1857. Not long after their arrival, the Sisters established the first Catholic School in Sacramento. In 1896, the Sisters established a small hospital at 23rd and R Streets, which has evolved into the collective Mercy Hospitals of Sacramento.

Over the past one hundred and fifty years, the Sisters have established numerous children’s homes and clinics. One of the homes they started was the Stanford-Lathrop Memorial Home on the corner of Eighth and N Streets. The Sisters of Mercy operated the facility until 1936, when the turned it over to the Sisters of Social Service.

Business Expands

As the City grew, the land area between the Sacramento River and Third Street was not sufficient for the business needs of the community. Mercantile establishments flowed east along J and K Streets to accommodate their customers. Large successful businesses on J and K Streets included Breuner’s Furniture Store, Weinstock-Lubin Department Store, Hales Department Store, and the Elkus Clothing Company. All four established mail-order catalogs; most developed regional stores; and a few still survived by the end of the 20th century.

［1860 to 1870 – Population 16,282］

Pony Express • The Civil War • Transcontinental Railroad and Suez Canal Completed • Railroad Builders established corporations to invest in and construct railroads in California and across the continent.

　Theodore Judah 1826-1863 Railroad Engineer

　Leland Stanford 1824-1893 Merchant and Railroad Baron

　Charles Crocker 1822-1888 Merchant and Railroad Baron

　Mark Hopkins 1813-1878 Merchant and Railroad Baron

　C.P. Huntington 1821-1900 Merchant and Railroad Baron

State Capitol houses California’s State Government

A Capitol Idea

For Sacramento, the prize of statehood was being named California’s capital in 1854. The logistics of finding a suitable location for the Capitol building itself proved to be a frustrating challenge to the City. One early site was destroyed by fire, and another required the state to share a building with the county jail and courthouse. The legislature even met in the county courthouse while the building was being raised off its foundation in a flood prevention effort. By 1860, the state, with assistance from Sacramento, began construction on a Capitol intended exclusively for state use. The building, which still serves as the State Capitol, was not completed until 1874.

Social Problems Grow

By the time the 19th century drew to a close, great wealth had been accumulated by a few, but enormous social problems had emerged throughout the country: the labor movement fought for union controls; child labor became a significant concern; gambling and alcohol were targeted as social ills; racial unrest was brewing; and corruption in government was growing. All of these problems were the concern of many groups, and various churches in the Sacramento area addressed these issues, often leading campaigns for reform. As was the case throughout the country at the time, the problem of alcohol received an enormous amount of attention from religious groups. The churches served as platforms for activists calling for limitations and bans on the sale of liquor. Eventually the crusade for prohibition culminated in the 18th Amendment, which banned the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

Generous Souls

Many early Sacramento merchants amassed significant wealth. Some moved to nearby San Francisco, others to New York and other eastern states. A number of wealthy merchant families turned to philanthropy later in their lives: Margaret Crocker built and supported a home for women and donated the Crocker Art Gallery to the City of Sacramento, while Jane Stanford made contributions to many local churches regardless of their denomination. Stanford also made her family home in Sacramento available to the Catholic Church as a home for girls. Leland and Jane Stanford built and endowed Stanford University, and Mark Hopkins’ adopted son, Timothy, also gave to the endowment of the University. Collis P. Huntington helped establish the Maritime Museum in Newport News, Virginia; his nephew, Henry Huntington, created the Huntington Library and Art Gallery in San Marino, California. D.O. Mills, a Sacramento banker, helped endow New York City’s American Museum of Natural History.

［1870 to 1880 – Population 21,420］

Nation’s Centennial • Sacramento’s First Fruit Cannery • Sacramento’s First Telephone Exchange

Philanthropists donated funds and buildings to community causes.

　E.B. Crocker 1818-1875 California Supreme Court Justice

　Margaret Crocker 1822-1901 Philanthropist

　Jane Stanford 1828-1905 Philanthropist

［1880 to 1890 – Population 26,282］

Sacramento’s First Electric Street Cars • Hydraulic Mining Era Ends

Churches provided for the religious needs of Sacramento and strove to reform social ills in the community.

［1890 to 1900 – Population 29,282］

Spanish American War

Capitalists accumulated great wealth by establishing successful businesses

　William Land 1837-1911 Merchant and Hotel Owner

Educators taught the community the value of quality education and worked to better Sacramento’s schools.

　Sara Jones 1847-1925 Teacher

［1900 to 1910 – Population 44,898］

Wright Brothers Flight

Reformers strove to ride turn of the century Sacramento of saloons, gambling, and child labor.

Hiram Johnson 1866-1945 Reformer, Governor and U.S. Senator

［1910 to 1920 – Population 65,908］

Panama Canal • World War I

Authors observed life in Sacramento

A Diversity of Denominations

Religious organizations were among the earliest forces in the community to shape not only moral and ethical issues, but to frame many social and economic concerns as well. One way religion shaped Sacramento was through architecture. The impressive structures of religious buildings helped set the stage for their surrounding district’s architectural styles and uses. From its inception, Sacramento had a significant variety of religions. By the end of the 19th century, all major faiths and denominations were represented in the area, reinforcing the community’s ethnic diversity.

Women Enter the Fray

The reform movement of the late 19th century brought women into a new sphere of activity. The desire to improve the good of humanity led women to found cultural organizations and women’s clubs. Women became politically active with child labor, anti-gambling, and anti-saloon movements. Luella Johnson represented the tenacity of Sacramento women’s interest in politics: even before women had acquired the right to vote, she was elected to local political office. To be truly politically effective, however, women would ultimately fight for and win the right to vote. The women’s movement for equality successfully lobbied for the vote and, in 1911, nine years before the 19th Amendment gave women the vote on the national level, California women could register to vote for the first time.

The Educators

The equality of education in Sacramento area schools had been the focus of a number of reformers. Educator activists in the 19th century are well represented by Sarah Jones, and in the 20th century by Mary Tsukamoto. Jones was an African American educator who graduated from Oberlin College in Ohio. When Sacramento permitted integrated schools in 1880, Jones became the principal of the first integrated public school in the area. Two generations later, segregated schools continued to operate in all other parts of California. After attending such schools, Mary Tsukamoto spent much of her adult life contributing to civil rights causes. She became one of the first persons of Japanese ancestry to teach in California’s public schools. An expert teacher, Tsukamoto excelled in kindling grade school children’s interest in history.

The Land Legacy

William Land was Sacramento’s own “Horatio Alger” – a local boy who became financially successful. As a very young boy, Land worked as a baggage handler at the Central Pacific Railroad Passenger Station. He was so efficient at picking up visitors at the train station and delivering them with their baggage to his employer’s hotel that he was given increasingly more responsible jobs. Eventually he owned the hotel and then went on to own a string of hotels. A successful and conservative businessman, he secured to position of mayor in 1898. Land preferred the old ways and fought reform, but the progressives pushed him out of office after he had served a two-year term. His greatest legacy was a generous gift of funds that allowed the City to purchase land for a community-wide park, provided it would be convenient and free to residents, and close to public transportation. In 1922, Sacramento acquired land just south of the City for William Land Park.

Ten Years that Electrified Our World

The 1890s was a pivotal decade of invention. The transmission of electricity from the Folsom Power House to Sacramento in 1895 was, by its size and purpose, a major national achievement. The hydroelectric power generated was three-phase alternating current, and the Folsom plant was the first powerhouse in the United States to send this type of current over long-distance wires (about 22 miles). Sacramento celebrated this achievement with a “Grand Electrical Carnival,” setting the night aglow with electric lights. The electrified urban city opened the door to the 20th century, forever changing Sacramento and urban centers around the world. The subsequent arrival of the automobile would have an almost equal impact on Sacramento and the rest of the world.

A Time of Panic and Unrest

A stock market panic in 1893 threw many out of work and created hard times. Labor strikes became increasingly aggressive until a strike of the Pullman Factory near Chicago in 1894 resulted in a nation-wide railroad boycott. Railroad workers in Sacramento joined the national strike. In July of 1894, strikers derailed a train, causing the deaths of several people. The national guard was called out and eventually Federal Troops had to be deployed, placing Sacramento under Federal control until the boycott ended.

A Reformer Emerges

The reformer who emerged to challenge the leadership and direction of government was Hiram Johnson. Johnson served as governor for two terms from 1911 to 1917, and then as a U.S. Senator from 1917 until 1945. When he was elected governor, California voters also passed the Initiative, Recall, and Referendum Act. During his term as governor, Johnson worked with the progressive legislature to curb the monopolistic interests of railroad companies in California.

Ernesto Galarza

A line of strong, diverse, and dedicated teachers from a wide range of social and economic backgrounds have shaped the lives of Sacramento’s children. Ernesto Galarza was such a teacher, with an influence reaching far beyond Sacramento. He was born in Mexico, but grew up in Sacramento after fleeing with his parents from the uncertainties of the Mexican Revolution. Raised in Oak Park, he attended Sacramento’s integrated schools. He earned a Doctorate from Columbia University before entering the United States Foreign Service in the 1930s where he served for over 20 years. In the 1960s and 1970s, he taught at San Jose State University and served as a visiting professor at Stanford, Notre Dame, and the University of California at Berkeley. Throughout his life, Galarza strove to improve the working conditions of farm labor, advocated civil rights, and promoted child welfare. His autobiography, Barrio Boy, was on of the first autobiographies written by a Mexican American to be published. Shortly before he died, Galarza was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, in recognition of his lifetime commitment to social justice.

War Games

During World War I, Sacramento secured its first Army Air Corps base, Mather Field. After the war ended in 1918, the base was closed until 1931, when an Army crew reopened Mather Field to undertake the largest military aircraft war game in the Nation’s history. The goals were to train the young air corps in teamwork and to explore air power in defending the Nation. During the maneuvers, the Army Air Corps set high-altitude flying records, experimented with the use of radio, refined bombing exercises, and used aerial smoke camouflage to protect structures such as the State Capitol. Sacramentans rushed out to see the airplane maneuvers involving 80 percent of all the military planes owned by the United States government. Army information officers gave daily progress reports of the mock war to newspapers. Ultimately, the “Blue Army” at Mather Field “prevented” the capture of San Francisco and Sacramento by the “Red Army” which had tried to attack San Francisco by air and Sacramento by land.

A Transportation Hub

While a few people question Sacramento’s role in the transcontinental railroad, the larger story of Sacramento’s place in transportation history revolves around numerous transportation events such as national stagecoach lines, steamship companies, the Pony Express, inter-urban railroads, and the freeway system. During the short run of the Pony Express, Sacramento was the terminus for the company’s riders. About 75 years later, the Sacramento Northern Railroad – possibly the longest inter-urban railroad in the United States at the time – carried passengers from the San Francisco Bay Area through Sacramento and on to Chico. As rail travel gave way to the automobile, Sacramento turned toward an urban freeway system. Determining the location of freeways such as Interstate 5 and Highway 50 forced the City to wrestle with the sometimes conflicting community values of urban renewal, historic preservation, and the search for a unique community identity.

The Early Homeless

Even after the great national stock panic of 1893 disabled the labor force in America, many events such as the Spanish American War and World War I – temporarily glossed over the plight and discontent of the American working class. Then, the Great Depression of the 1930s opened the condition of the laborer in America to full public view. Because of its railroads and the mild climate, Sacramento became one of the most desirable destinations for unemployed migrants, especially during winter months and harvest seasons. The City shelter located on Front and I Streets could not serve the high number of homeless in the area, who camped wherever they could, setting up shanty towns called “Hoovervilles” throughout the Sacramento region. The core businesses which had been established in the older part of the City moved out, leaving the buildings to an evolving class of migrant laborers. The West End developed into a ghetto for migrant labor forces and others down on their luck.

and recounted its diverse stories.

Ernesto Galarza 1905-1984 Author, Activist and Teacher

［1920 to 1930 – Population 93,750］

The Great Depression｜大恐慌

Community Activists advocated civil rights and fought unfair labor practices.

Mary Tsukamoto 1915-1998 Teacher and Activist

V. Aubrey Neasham 1908-1982 Teacher and Historian

”The past is the beginning of the future.” V. Aubrey Neasham

［1930 to 1940 – Population 105,958］

［1940 to 1950 – Population 137,572］

World War II｜第二次世界大戦

A United Effort

With the overnight entry of the United States into World War II, it was apparent that despite America’s strength, much work needed to be done to allow the country to be successful in two different portions of the world. The country developed a new priority: everyone was expected to contribute to the war effort. Industry shifted its focus to build armies, while the economy centered on war preparation. As the male population was drafted and enlisted in the military, tradition dictated that women continue to keep families together at home. But the wartime industrial society of 1941 demanded that factories and fields produce as efficiently as they had in peacetime. Furthermore, many of the Allies had already been at war with Axis forces for several years and were near exhaustion. America, and the Sacramento Valley in particular, was called upon to feed and equip much of the Allied world. American productivity stayed high during World War II as more women joined the workforce.

Inset Image:

Tower Bridge guard patrols Sacramento River, ca. 1940 – from the Sacramento Bee Collection.

Women in the Wartime Workforce

Perhaps nowhere was the impact of women in the workforce more keenly experienced than in the Sacramento area canneries during World War I and World War II. Canning facilities operated at the highest level of production possible. Women dominated the workforce, demonstrating that they could be as productive as a mostly male workforce. Relying on their experience in the canneries, women during World War II fit easily into McClellan Field’s Maintenance Department, where Sacramento’s own “Rosie the Riveter” filled aircraft mechanic positions. In January 1942, 11.4% of McClellan’s total workers were women; by November of that year 40% were women.

［1950 to 1960 – Population 191,567］

Korean War｜朝鮮戦争（朝鮮動乱）

Decay and Redevelopment

Redevelopment in the 1950s evolved out of the programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal. In 1958, it appeared that Sacramento’s central district was dying as it expanded into the suburbs. Sacramento’s West End, a 65-block portion of the City, represented 8 percent of the City’s land area and accounted for 26 percent of the fires, 36 percent of the juvenile delinquency, 42 percent of the adult crime, and 76 percent of the tuberculosis cases. Twelve square blocks housed 167 bars and wine shops. In an attempt to ameliorate these deteriorating conditions, the City took advantage of emerging urban renewal programs offered by the federal government. Under the provisions of one of those programs, Sacramento initiated a master plan for the Old Sacramento Historic District. The district contains state historic sites and has since been declared a national historic landmark. In 1962, the Old Sacramento Historic District became one of the first historic urban renewal projects approved by the federal government.

The Preservationists

By the 1950s, urban decay had left an almost indelible mark on Sacramento’s “West End.” Redevelopment interests planned to demolish the oldest section of the central City west of Seventh Street. The State Division of Highways also proposed a freeway alignment through that same part of the old City. The combined energies of visionaries, such as publisher Eleanor McClatchy, made the community aware of historic preservation and the threat the highway posed to the most historic elements of the City. At the same time, historian V. Aubrey Neasham envisioned and endeavored to create a preservation district, while Redevelopment Commissioner Frank Durkee worked to commit government resources to an Old Sacramento Historic Area. Entrepreneur Frank Fat risked his own money to restore buildings and to operate restaurants within the district. Together with many others, they pioneered the preservation of the community’s heritage.

［1960 to 1970 – Population 257,105］

Vietnam War｜ベトナム戦争

Moon Landing｜月面着陸

［1970 to 1980 – Population 275,741］

Nation’s Bicentennial｜建国200周年

Redevelopment Visionaries sought to revitalize Sacramento’s historic waterfront district

　Frank Durkee 1892-1983 Preservation Advocate, Redevelopment Agency Commissioner

　Eleanor McClatchy 1895-1980 Publisher, Sacramento Bee

　Frank Fat 1904-1997 Restaurant Entrepreneur

［1980 to 1990 – Population 369,365］

Fall of the Berlin Wall｜ベルリンの壁崩壊

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